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Females and Males as Participants in School Psychology Research

Data from Four Journals over 15 Years

Kristal E. Ehrhardt

Trisha Parish

Ruth Ervin

Lanai Jennings

Alan Poling

Department of Psychology, Western Michigan University

Overall, 35 percent of the articles published in Journal of School Psychology, School Psychology International, School Psychology Quarterly and School Psychology Review from 1985 through 1999 that used participants failed to report whether they were female or male. Three, six and 56 percent of articles with participants used only females, only males, and both females and males, respectively. The failure of many articles to specify the sex of participants is a potentially serious problem. Unless the sex of participants is reported, one cannot ascertain to whom results should generalize or whether the sex of participants affects the variable under investigation. For these and other reasons, we recommend that researchers routinely specify how many of their participants are males and how many are females. This information requires little space to report and in most cases is easy to obtain.

School Psychology International, Vol. 23, No. 4, 449-457 (2002)
DOI: 10.1177/0143034302234006


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